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谈艺录(29)

作者:钱钟书

【补订】刘会孟论词,与其论诗一揆,若一反《后山诗话》评韩“以文为诗”、苏“以诗为词”之“非本色”者。《须溪集》卷六《辛稼轩词序》云:“词至东坡,倾荡磊落,如诗如文,如天地奇观,岂与羣儿雌声较工拙。然犹未至用经用史,率雅颂入郑卫也。自辛稼轩前,用一语如此者,必且掩口。乃稼轩横竖烂漫。乃知禅家棒喝,头头皆是。”

颇能眼光出牛背上。与金之赵闲闲,一南一北,议论相同。林谦之光朝《艾轩集》卷五《读韩柳苏黄集》一篇,比喻尤确。其言曰:“韩柳之别犹作室。子厚则先量自家四至所到,不敢略侵别人田地。退之则惟意之所指,横斜曲直,只要自家屋子饱满,不问田地四至,或在我与别人也。”即余前所谓侵人扩充之说。子厚与退之以古文齐名,而柳诗婉约琢敛,不使虚字,不肆笔舌,未尝如退之以文为诗。艾轩真语妙天下者。《池北偶谈》卷十八引林艾轩论苏黄之别,犹丈夫女子之接客,亦见此篇。《随园诗话》卷一论苏黄,引艾轩语,疑即本之《池北偶谈》,未见林集;故《小仓山房尺牍》卷十《再答李少鹤》复引此数语,而归之于宋人诗话。渔洋则确曾见《艾轩集》;《香祖笔记》记其门人林石来曾有《艾轩诗钞》相寄,又尝向黄虞稷借阅《艾轩全集》,《偶谈》卷十六复有艾轩驳《诗本义》、用《法语》二则。《艾轩集》卷一尚有《直甫见示次云乞豫章集数诗、偶成二小绝》,亦致不满於山谷;有曰:“神仙本自无言说,尸解由来最下方。”盖即斥“学诗如学仙”、 “脱胎换骨”之说也。

【附说六 】西方文学中 ,此例綦繁 。就诗歌一体而论 ,如华茨华斯 (W o r d s w o r t h )之力排词藻 (poetic diction),见 Lyrical Ballads:Préface。即欲以向不入诗之字句 ,运用入诗也 。雨果(Hugo)言“一切皆可作题目”(lout est sujet),见 L e s O r i e n t a l e s :P r é f a c e 。希来格尔 (F r i e d r i c h Schlegel)谓诗集诸学之大成 (eine progressive Universalpoesie),见 Athenaumfragmente,Nr. 116。即欲以向不入诗之事物,采取入诗也。此皆当时浪漫文学之所以自异于古典文学者。后来写实文学之立异标新,复有别於浪漫文学,亦不过本斯意而推广加厉,实无他道。俄国形式论宗(Formalism)许克洛夫斯基 (Victor Shklovsky)论文谓:百凡新体,只是向来卑不足道之体忽然列品入流 (New forms are simply canonization of inferior genres)。诚哉斯言,不可复易。窃谓执此类推,虽百世以下,可揣而知。西方近人论以文为诗,亦有可与表圣、闲闲、须溪之说,相发明者。参观 John Bailey: Whitman (English Men of Letters,N.S.):“Poetry often finds a renewal of its youth by a plunge into an invigorating bath of prose,”etc.又 T.s.Eliot:Introduction to Johnson’s “London”and “The Vanity of Human Wishes” (Haslewood Books Edition):“The originality of some poets has consisted in their finding a way of saying in verse what no one else had been able to say except in prose,”etc。

【附说七】《易余龠录》卷十五有一则,亦同答欧阳书之说。窃谓理堂此类议论,西方人四十年前,奉为金科玉律者也。文章辨体 (Gattungskritik),德国人夙所乐道。参观 F.Gundolf:Goethe,S,17-20.谓古代论文,以人就体;近代论文,由人成体。有云:“W?hrend im Altertum die Gattung das Ma? des gro?en Menschen war,ist seit der Renaissance der Mensch das Ma?,der Richter oder der Vernichter der Gattung.”法国 Brunetière以强记博辩之才,釆生物学家物竞天演之说,以为文体沿革,亦若动植飞潜之有法则可求。所撰《文体演变论》中论文体推陈出新 (Transformation des genres)诸例,如说教文体亡而后抒情诗体作,

【补订】时人评伯吕纳吉埃尔之《文体演变论》,亦举其谓“法国十七、八世纪说教文 (pulpit oratory)遁入十九世纪抒情诗。为武断强词之例。参观 R.Wellek, Concepts of Criticism,1964,44-5。余观德昆西 (Thomas De Quincey)著作中,早逗伯氏此意,特为英国文学而发耳。(When both Browne and Taylor were gone, the great oracles of rhetoric were finally silenced.Sjnce then great passion and high thinking have either disappeared from literature altogether,or thrown them-Selves into poetic forms which,With the privilege of a masquerade,are allowed to assume the spirit of past ages)见“Rhetoric”,Collected Writings,ed.D. Masson,X,110。