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谈艺录(201)

作者:钱钟书

【补订】《礼记·祭统》:“齐[斋]之为言齐也,齐不齐以致齐者也。不齐,则於物无防也,嗜欲无止也。故记曰:齐者不乐,言不敢散其志也。定之之谓齐。齐者,精明之至也,然后可以交於神明也。”即释道所谓“定生慧”、“虚室生白”也。《朱子语类》卷一百二十论“打破那黑底虚静,换做个白底虚静”,卷一百二十一论“只守得块然的虚静,裹面黑漫漫地,不曾守得那白底虚静,济得甚事”。词意大类并出之“虚室生白”。参观卷十二论“有死敬,有活敬”,卷一百十五论“心在此应事,不可谓之出外”。

屏绝内外,抑遏兴会;以陶鍊生金之法,除垢销煑 ,摄受调柔 ;医治痈疽之法 ,利刀剖 ,周?搦,帖塞团帛,求圆满纯净之心。见《珈瑜师地论》卷十三、卷五十八。《四十二章经》比之磨镜煅铁,西方谓为剥葱法(Peeling the onion)。见 Inge:Philosophy of Plotinus vol.II, P.146。

【补订】鍊金之喻早见《奥义书》(As a goldsmith,tak ing a piece of gold,turns it into another,newer and more beautiful shape,so does this Self, after having thrown off this body.make unto himself another …like Brahman)。见 Brihadranyaka,IV. iv.4,Sacred Books ofthe East,XV,175-6。《分别六界经》等均有之。唐译《华严经·十地品》第二十六之一亦云:“譬如金师,善巧鍊金,数数入火,转转明净,调柔成就,种种堪用。”《奥义书》复以芦茎抽髓为喻(Let a man draw that Self forth from his body with steadiness,as one draws the pith from the reed)。见 Kathal.vi.17,ib.,XV,23-4。可与“剥葱”之喻比勘。易卜生一名剧中主角号“自我之帝皇”而欲觅处世应物之“自我”,则犹剥玉葱求其核心然,层层揭净,至竟无可得(Peer Gynt ,IV. xiii,Begriffenfeldt:“Long live the Emperor of Self!”;V.v,Peer:“There’s a surprising lot of layers[in the wild onion]!/Are we never coming to the kernel?/There isn’t one!To the innermost bit/It’s nothing but layers,smaller and smaller…”)。见 Everyman’s Library,171,201-2。苟休谟破我为冥契佛旨,则易卜生此节大类佛之逸经。释典言车成于聚材,拳成于合指,皆无自体;参观《管锥编》二册68页。玉葱之喻,不啻“如是我闻”。法国新文评派宗师言诵诗读书不可死在句下,执著“本文”;所谓“本文”,原是“本无”,犹玉葱层层剥揭,内蕴核心,了不可觅(It would be better to see it [the text] as an onion,a construction of layers(or levels,or systems)whose body contains,finally no heart,no kernel,no secret,no irreducible principle,nothing except the infinity of its own envelopes which envelop nothing other than the unity of its own surfaces.)。见 Roland Barthes:“Style and Its Image”,in s.Chapman,ed. Literary Style;ASymposium,1971,10。即六祖所谓:“心迷《法华》转,心悟转《法华》”;其破“本文”亦犹释宗密《原人论》之证人乃“五阴和合”,初无自体。此又当世西方谈艺中禅机一例。祖师禅欤,野狐禅欤,抑冬瓜印子虾蟆禅欤,姑置勿论可也。

空洞超脱,必至以无所见为悟,以不可有为得,以冥漠混沌为其清净洞澈。如《庄子·知北游》光曜所谓“有无无无”;《传灯录》卷三神光曰:“我心未宁,乞师舆安。”达摩曰:“将心来与汝安。”曰:“觅心了不可得。”曰:“我与汝安心竟。”卷三慧能偈曰:“本来无一物,何假拂尘埃。”卷四道信问懒融曰:“在此作什么”,曰:“观心。”曰:“观是何人,心是何物。”卷七僧问道在何处,惟宽曰: “汝有我故,所以不见。”曰:“无我还见否。”曰:“无我阿谁求见。”卷二十九龙牙颂云:“悟了还同未悟人”,又答僧问悟后景象曰:“如贼入空室。”卷三十僧璨《信心铭》云:“不用求真,唯须息见。”譬如恐多食致腹疾,乃绝饮食,移带孔,使忘饥也。至於为己太甚而克己,视物太重而绝物,端身正愿,安住背念,作青瘀脓烂胮胀骨锁诸观,以息泉塞径,止烟灭火。病征幻觉,往往因之而起矣。按心析学派以宗教神祕经验为人欲(libido)变相,Jung论 phantasy thinking不自主、离实际、乏效用、超言诠(hypologisch),见 Psychology of the Unconscious,Eng.tr.by B.M.Hinkle,PP.5-11。皆与宗教神祕经验有符。所举例证多出印度及基督教经典,《奥义书》虽亦在征引,似未细读。Brihad āranyaka,V.vi,真我居心中,小如黍米,而为万物主宰(Vol. XV,P.192)。Khhāndogya,III.xiv,3真我居心中,小于米粒芥子,而大于天地(Vol.I,p.48)。Katha,I,11,18-21真我无生灭,小于至微,大于至钜,寓人心中,息而能行远,止而能无不至;同书 I,vi,17真我居心中,不过如拇指大(the person notlarger than athumb);又同书 II,iv,12有人居我中,才如拇指(Theperson of the size of a thurob)(Vol.XV,PP.10-1,16,22)。?veāsvatara,V.8有人不过拇指大(Not larger than a thumb)(Vol.XV,P.257)。Jung书中仅引小于至微大于至钜一节,说为马藏相之变态(phallus or“dwarfed God”),且举伊甸拇指(Idaean dactyli)为比(见英译本 P.73)。其说之是非姑置不论,而《奥义书》中明有拇指之喻,胡不引为论据耶。 Bdhadāranyaka,IV,iii,21:“Now as a man,whenembraced by a beloved wife,knows nothing that is without,nothingthat is within,thus this person,when embraced by the intelligentSelf, knows nothing that is without,nothing that is within.”(Vol. XV,P,128)复比神祕经验於男女欢媾,了无忌讳。Jung竟失之眉睫,何哉。窃谓《奥义书》稊米等语,当与孟子“养吾浩然之气充塞乎天地之间”,程子“放之则弥六合、卷之则退藏于密”参观。然出世宗教无所用心而悟,世间学问用心至无可用,遂亦不用心而悟。按此即 Wallas所谓 Incubation,参观 Art of Thought,pp.88-91又 Keats’s Letter to G.and Georgiana Keats,March 19.1819。言作诗中此境最妙者为 Tennyson:“Perfection in art is perhapsmore sudden sometimes than we think,but then the long preparationfor it,that unseen germination,that is what we ignore and forget.”出世宗教之悟比於闇室忽明,世间学问之悟亦似云开电射,按神秘宗教家如 Bonaventura所谓 Scintilla及 Eckhart所谓 Fünkelein,皆可与前引科学家 Helmholtz所谓 Geistesblitz参观。 F.Baldensperger:Littérature,P.19,P.23亦引 Michelet言 L’éclair deJuillet,又 Buffon言 Unpetitcoupd’éléctricité,词意均脗合,《五灯会元》卷十九载佛眼拨炉见火而悟、卷二十自回凿石见火而悟、祖元见剔灯而晤,亦资比勘。心境又无乎不同。