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谈艺录(180)

作者:钱钟书

【补订】史悟冈《华阳散稿》卷下《松槐双荫初稿序》记曹震亭语云:“诗、濬性灵也,汰俗套。溃汉魏之糟粕,锢唐宋之桎梏,摹拟愈工,性灵愈蚀,非解脱法也。”论诗与子才一致同归,而作诗异趣分途,为子才所“不慊”。谈艺不可凭开宗明义之空言,亦必察裁文匠笔之实事,此一例也。杨亨壽订本法时帆《梧门诗话》卷一、卷三各摘震亭两句,称其“颇得宋人三昧”,“时有拔俗之致”,以示 “随园不喜震亭诗”之非公道。震亭诗笔庸滞,可取者实尠,子才“不甚慊意”,亦良有以。余观《归愚诗钞》余集卷六《怀旧诗十三章》第十首为震亭作,称“文宗庾信工金玉”。意震亭当能骈文,尝得《香雪文钞》阅之,则滥俗陈腐,大类村学究排缀兔园册子,又远在其诗之下。《文钞》题:“沈归愚夫子鉴定”,盖震亭乾隆戊辰礼闱出归愚门下。子才《子不语》卷二十四《汉江冤狱》记震亭事,可参观《西青散记》卷四记震亭“侠骨”雪诬。

又《西青散记》卷四史与曹游西山戒坛,见石上有五言绝句云:“一峯两峯阴,三更四更雨。冷月破云来,白衣坐幽女。”子才引以为史作,亦误。

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卷十六:“陈楚南句云:‘天不欲人别,星辰分方隅。地不欲人别,山河界道涂。吁嗟古圣贤,乃造舟与车。”按此与贺拉斯送维吉尔诗,语意全同,谓: “彼苍虑密,设海为防。天堑所限,剖地分疆。唯人罔上,欲以舟航”。(Nequicquam deus abscidit/prudens oceano dissociabili/terras,si tamen impiae/non tangenda rates,transiliunt vada)见 Horace:Carmina,Lib.I,iii:“Ad Navem qua vehebatur Virgilius”。又卷八:“诗虽新,似旧才佳。尹似村云:‘得句浑疑是旧诗’;陈古渔云:‘得句浑疑先辈语。”按此境即济慈(Keats)与友论诗第一要义(axiom)所谓“好诗当道人心中事,一若忆旧而得者”。(Poetry should strike the Reader as a wording of his own highest thoughts and ap - pear almost a Remembrance.)见 Letter to Taylor,27 Feb.1818,H.E. Rollins,ed.,Letters.,238。方德耐尔(Fontenelle)亦云: “至理之入人心,冥然无迹;虽为新知,而每如忽忆夙习者”。(La Vérité entre si naturellement dans I’ esprit quequand on I’apprend pour la première fois. il semble qu’onne fasse que s’en souvenir)见 Préface à L’Histoire de I’AcadémieRoyale。实皆柏拉图语录《菲德洛斯篇 》(P h a e d r u s )、《米诺篇 》(M e n o )所论宿记(Anamnesis)之旨,济慈通之于词章耳。

【补订】前人亦曾道此体会。《庄子.则阳》取譬於 “旧国旧都,望之畅然”者也。《真诰》卷八《甄命授》:“学道譬如万里行,比造所在,寒暑善恶,草木水土,无不经见也”;《五灯会元》卷六神照本如偈:“处处逢归路,头头达故乡。本来成现事,何必待思量”;张子韶《横浦心传录》卷上:“见道者如见故物,则他物不能易;闻道者如闻妻儿声,则他人声自不相投”;言义理也。王伯良《曲律》卷三《论句法》:“我本新语,而使人闻若是旧句,言机熟也”;言词章也。均证斯境。西方作者,不乏同心之言。如约翰生甚赏葛雷(Thomas Gray)凭弔墟墓诗(Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard)中四节,曰:“创辟崭新,未见有人道过,然读之祇觉心中向来宿有此意。”(They are to me original:I have never seen the notions in apy other place;yet he that reads them here persuades himself that he has always felt them.)见 Lives of the Poets,ed.,B.Hill,III,442。圣佩韦重读古希腊牧歌宗工(en relisant Théocrite),因曰:“此真经典之作也。读之使人如觅获夙心,如枨触旧事”。(Voilàles vrais classiques:en les lisant,il semble qu’on retrouve son ame d’autrefois,on se resouvient)见 Sainte - Beuve,Mes Poisons,ed.V.Giraud, II。德·桑克提斯评雨果一诗集(Les Contemplations)文中言此尤妙:“好诗可比气味投合之人,觌面倾心,一见如故,有似曾相识之感。其意态初不陌生,仿佛偶曾梦见,或不记何时底处尝一经眼,今赖诗人昭示,赫然斯在。柏拉图所持宿记论,苟削其荒唐寓言,未尝不深入情理也。”(L e b e l l e p o e s i e sono come certe persone simpatiche,che appena vedete amate gia,e dite tra voi:- Ecco una vecchia conoscenza!- Quell eimmagine non vi pare al tutto nouva:vi sembra di averla talora intraveduta ne’ vostri sogni,di averla gia conosciuta altra volta, e non vi ricordate dove e quando,ed ora che il poeta ve la fa brillare davanti,voi la ravvisate e dite:-è dessa!-.La teoria platonica della reminiscenza, spogliata del suo lato mitico,ha un profondo senso)见 De Sanctis,Saggicritici,a cura di L.Russo,1963,II,46。此皆述者自言也。作者自言,亦复印可。海湼曰: “新意萌生,辄如往事忆起;举达歌拉斯尝云,宿生转世为今生而一灵不昧,诗人得句时,颇有此感”。(Dichter-w?hrend des Dichtens wird ihm zumute,als babe er,nach der Seelenwandrungslehre der Pythagoreer,in den verschiedensten Gestalten ein Vorleben geführt - ihre Intuition ist wie Erinnerung)见 Heine,Aphorismen und Fragmente,in Were und Briefe,Aufbau,1962,VII,381。霍姆士讬为书中人语曰:“吾生平每得一佳句,乍书于纸,忽觉其为百年陈语,确信曾在不忆何处见过”。(Now I never wrote a“good”line in my life,but the moment after it was written it seemed a hundred years old。Very commonly I had a sudden conviction that I had seen it somewhere)见 O.W.Holmes,The Autocrat of the Breakfast -Table,ii。