【补正】《东坡题跋》卷二《题柳於厚诗》之二:“用事当以故为新,以俗为雅;好奇务新,乃诗之病。”亦如山谷之隐取圣俞语,而专为“用事”发,似逊原语之通方也。
【补订】近世俄国形式主义文评家希克洛夫斯基(Victor Shklovcky)等以为文词最易袭故蹈常,落套刻板(habitualization,automatization),故作者手眼须使熟者生(defamiliarization),或亦曰使文者野(rebarbarization)。参观 Robert Scholes,ed.,Structuralism in Literature,1974,83-4;Robert C.Freeman,ed.,Linguistics and Literary History,1970,43-4;R.Wellek and A.Warren,Theory of Literature,1963,236。窃谓圣俞二语,夙悟先觉。夫以故为新,即使熟者生也;而使文者野,亦可谓之使野者文,驱使野言,俾入文语,纳俗於雅尔。
【补正】(Canonization)。见 V.Shklovsky,A Sentimental Journey,tr.R.Sheldon,1970,233。
【补订】《六一诗话》记圣俞论诗所谓“状难写之境,含不尽之意”,数百年来已熟掛谈艺者口角。而山谷、后山祖述圣俞论诗语,迄无过问者,故拈出而稍拂拭之。抑不独修词为然,选材取境,亦复如是。歌德、诺瓦利斯、华兹华斯、柯尔律治、雪莱、狄更斯、福楼拜、尼采、巴斯可里等皆言观事体物,当以故为新,即熟见生。(Goethe:“einem gew?hnlichen Gegenstande eine interessante Seite abzugewinnen”;见 Eckermann,Gespr?che,18.Sept.1823,Aufbau,62.Novalis: “Die Kunst,auf eine angenehme Art zu befremden,einen Gegenstand fremd zu machen und doch bekannt und anziehend,das ist die romantische Poetik”;见 Fragmente,III,§ 404,Schriften,hrsg.J.Minor,1923,II,304.Wordsworth:“Ordinary things should be presented to the mind in an unusual aspect”;见“Preface”to The Second ed.,Poems,Oxford,935。Coleridge:“so to represent familiar objects as to awaken the minds of others to a like freshness of sensation concerning them”;见 The Friend,“General Introduction”,Essay XV,Complete Works,ed.G.W.T.Sheed,II,104。Shelley: “Poetry makes familiar objets be as if they were not familiar”;见“A Defence of Poetry”,Prose Works, e d .,R .H .S h e p h e r d ,I I ,19.D i C k e n s :“S o g e t t i n g a new aspect,and being unlike itself.Any odd unIikeness of itsetf”;见 Memorandum Book,quoted in J.Hillis Miller,Chades Dickens:the World of His Novels,1959,p. xv.Flaubert:“ll s’agit de regarder tout ce qu’ on veut exprimer assez longtemps et avec assez d’ attention pour en découvrir un aspect qui n’ait été vu et dit par personne”;见 Maupassant,Pierre et Jean,“Le Roman”,ed.Conard,p.xxiii.Nietzsche:“Orignal…man das Alte,Altbekannte,von jedermann Gesehene u n d ü b e r s e h e n e w i e n e u s i e h t”;见 M e n s c h l i c h e s ,Allzumenschliches,Bdll,Abt.i,§ 200,Werke,hrsg.K.Schlechta,1954,1,814。Pascoli:“La poesia é nelle cose.ll poeta presenta la visione di cosa posta sotto gli occhi dit utti e che nessuno vedeva”;见 II Sabato,quoted in Momenti e Problemi di Storia dell’Estetica,Marzorati,1959,IV,1637;cf.John Dewey,Art as Experience,267:“When Old and familiar things are made new in experience,there is imagination”.)聊举数家,山谷《奉答圣恩》所谓“观海诸君知浩渺”也。且明此谛非徒为练字属词设耳。〇新补七、《次韵答斌老病起独游东园力第一首:“蓬花生淤泥,可见嗔喜性。”天社注引《维摩经》:“高原陆地,不生莲花,卑湿淤泥,乃生此花。”按是也。《次韵中玉水仙花》第二首:“淤泥解作白莲藕”,天社无注。《赣上食莲有感》:“莲生淤泥中,不与泥同调”,天社注亦引《维摩经》。盖前两诗谓花与泥即,后诗谓花与泥离;言各有当,同喻而异边之例也。天社引语见《维摩诘经·佛道品》第八,不切后诗之意;当引《高僧传》卷二鸠摩罗什自说:“譬如臭泥中生莲花,但采莲花,勿取臭泥也”,或《大智度论·释初品中尸罗波罗蜜下》: “譬如莲花,出自淤泥,色虽鲜好,出处不净。”
【补正】淮南王序《离骚经传》,称屈原“皭然,泥而不滓”,太史公《屈原、贾生列传》取其语。然以莲揣称高洁,实为释氏常谈。《四十二章经》即亦云:“吾为沙门,处於浊世,当如莲花,不为泥所污。”宋陆佃《陶山集》卷二《依韵和双头芍药》第六首至云:“若使觉王今识汝,莲花宁复并真如”,盖以兹花为释氏表志矣。苏轼《答王定国》:“谨勿怨谤谗,乃我得道资。淤泥生莲花,粪土出菌芝”;亦如黄诗之用释语。周敦颐《濂溪集》卷八《爱莲说》:“予独爱莲之出淤泥而不染,……花之君子者也”;名言传诵,而有拾彼法牙慧之嫌。故牟巘《陵阳先生集》卷四《荷花》诗序谓此花“陷於老佛几千载,自托根濂溪,始得侪於道”,诗有云:“唤醒佛土从前梦。”足征道学家严儒释之坊,於取譬之薄物细故,亦复煞费弥缝也。此喻入明,渐成妓女之佳称,如梅鼎祚著緑妓之有才德者为《青泥莲花记》,钱谦益《列朝诗集》闰四赞王微云:“君子曰:‘修微青蓬亭亭,自拔淤泥’”参观同卷评杨宛,又《初学集》卷一八《有美一百韵》赞扬柳如是亦云:“皎洁火中玉,芬芳泥里莲。”道学家必谓莲花重“陷”矣。